{ "item_title" : "Introduction to Systems Engineering", "item_author" : [" Andrew P. Sage", "James E. Armstrong "], "item_description" : "This book discusses some fundamental and introductory considerations associated with the engineering of large-scale systems, or systems engineering. We begin our effort by first discussing the need for systems engineering and then providing several definitions of systems engineering. We next present a structure describing the systems-engineering process. The result of this is a life-cycle model for systems engineering processes. This is used to motivate discussion of the functional levels, or considerations, involved in a systemic process: Systems methods and tools Systems methodology Systems management While there will be a number of discussions throughout the book on systems engineering life-cycle processes and systems management --especially in the first, second, and last chapters --our major focus is on (a) methods for systems engineering and (b) problem solving using a systems engineering approach. Problems for student solution will be presented at the end of each chapter. The major content in the book is that in Chapters 3, 4, and 5. In these chapters we present a number of methods appropriate for Issue formulation Issue analysis /i> Issue interpretation We will apply these to a variety of situations that should enable us to develop an appreciation for the engineering of large systems, as well as for problem solving in general. This text is written primarily for upper-division undergraduate students in systems engineering and in engineering management. It is also, we believe, useful as an introductory graduate-level textbook. It should also have value for other engineering areas that offer courses in systems engineering problem solving, systems engineering design, and systems engineering methods. Pre-requisites for the text are moderate. It will generally be assumed that the reader has a fundamental background common to beginning upper-division undergraduates in engineering in the United States. This will include differential and integral calculus as well as differential equations. Some introductory knowledge of probability theory is also assumed as well as an understanding of some physical engineering systems. The book should also be attractive to the many professionals in industry concerned with systems engineering and technical direction-related efforts. These include professionals in such diversified areas as project management, software engineering, information systems engineering, manufacturing, command and control, and defense systems acquisition and procurement. The following are among the most important objectives for systems engineering, expressed in terms of systems engineering processes: 1. Systems engineering processes should encompass all phases of the system life cycle, or life cycles as the case may be, including transitioning between phases. 2. Systems engineering processes should support problem understanding, as well as communication among all interested parties at all phases in the process. 3. Systems engineering processes should enable capture of design and implementation needs for the systems engineering product early in the life cycle, generally as part of the requirements specifications and conceptual design phases. 4. Systems engineering processes and associated methods should support both bottom-up and top-down approaches to systems design and development. 5. Systems engineering processes should enable an appropriate mix of design, development, and systems management approaches. 6. Systems engineering processes should support quality assurance of both the product and the process that leads to the product. 7. Systems engineering processes should support system product evolution over time. 8. Systems engineering processes should be supportive of appropriate standards and management approaches that result in trustworthy systems. 9. Systems engineering processes should support the use of automated aids for the engineering of systems, such as to result in production of high-quality trustworthy systems. 10. Systems engineering processes should be based upon methodologies that are teachable and transferable and that make the process visible and controllable at all life-cycle phases. 11. Systems engineering processes should be associated with appropriate procedures to enable definition and documentation of all relevant factors at each phase in the system life cycle. 12. Systems engineering processes should be associated with appropriate metrics and management controls. 13. Systems engineering processes should support operational product functionality, revisability, and transitioning, both at the initial time of operational implementation and later at the time that a system is phased out of service or retired, or reengineered for continued productivity and use. 14. Systems engineering processes must support both system product development and system user organizations; they must also be compatible with the environments associated with systems development and oper-ation. 15. Systems engineering processes should support quality, total quality management, system design for human interaction, and other attributes associated with trustworthiness and integrity. When all of these are accomplished, it will be possible to produce operational systems that are economical, reliable, verifiable, interoperable, integratable, portable, adaptable, evolvable, comprehensible, maintainable, manageable, and cost-effective and that lead to a very high degree of user satisfaction. These would seem to represent attributes for metrics, or to be translatable into attributes for metrics, that can measure the quality of an operational systems engineering product. They can be translated into standards with which to measure system performance and systems engineering process effectiveness. Together with cost information, this will allow us to obtain cost and operational effectiveness of systems engineering products. Needless to say, we believe that systems engineering is one of the fundamental engineering subject areas. Its role in engineering, as well as in engineering education, is stressed in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes systems engineering processes. While the focus in this text is upon systems engineering methods, selection of appropriate methods is necessarily contingent upon the process or product line used to engineer the product. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 each focus on one of the major steps in systems engineering: Issue formulation Issue analysis Issue interpretation They each describe a plethora of methods for these steps. Technical direction and systems management guide the choice of an appropriate process and methods to be used within this process. The concluding chapter of this text describes some facets of systems management. This is not, however, a principal objective of this text. The major objective, as noted, is an exposition of systems engineering methods. 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