{ "item_title" : "John Fowler, Benjamin Baker, Forth Bridge", "item_author" : [" Iain Boyd Whyte", "Angus MacDonald", "Colin Baxter "], "item_description" : "When the Forth Bridge opened on 4 March 1890, it was the longest railway bridge in the world and the first large structure made of steel. Crossing the wide Firth of Forth east of Edinburgh in Scotland, it represents one of the greatest engineering triumphs of Victorian Britain. man's victory over the intractable topography of land and water. Not surprisingly, such a vigorous rebuff of the natural order was condemned at the time by those late Victorians who resisted the march of technology, and William Morris described the Bridge as the supremest specimen of all ugliness. In response, Benjamin Baker, the designer of the Bridge, insisted that its beauty lay in its functional elegance. Contrasting his masterpiece with the only comparable structure of the period, the Eiffel Tower, he concluded: The Eiffel Tower is a foolish piece of work, ugly, ill-proportioned and of no real use to anyone. But the beauty and fascination of the Forth Bridge lies not simply in its functional performance, but in its scale and power. Over a mile long and higher than the dome of St. Peter's in Rome it rivals the natural phenomena that the philosophers of the eighteenth century identified as sources of sublime beauty. Immanuel Kant pointed to hurricanes, boundless oceans, and high waterfalls as objects of sublime contemplation, because they raise the forces of the soul above the heights of the vulgar commonplace, and discover within us a power of resistance of quite another kind, which gives us courage to be able to measure ourselves against the seeming omnipotence of nature.", "item_img_path" : "https://covers2.booksamillion.com/covers/bam/3/93/069/818/3930698188_b.jpg", "price_data" : { "retail_price" : "49.00", "online_price" : "49.00", "our_price" : "49.00", "club_price" : "49.00", "savings_pct" : "0", "savings_amt" : "0.00", "club_savings_pct" : "0", "club_savings_amt" : "0.00", "discount_pct" : "10", "store_price" : "" } }

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