{ "item_title" : "Calcium", "item_author" : [" Rakesh Kumar "], "item_description" : "Calcium is one of the most abundant, versatile, and technologically significant elements on Earth. Represented by the chemical symbol Ca and atomic number 20, calcium plays a fundamental role in nature, biological systems, materials science, engineering, and modern industry. It is widely distributed throughout the Earth's crust and occurs naturally in important minerals and compounds such as limestone, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, apatite, and calcium phosphate. From the formation of mountains and mineral deposits to the structure of bones and the functioning of living cells, calcium is deeply connected with both the natural world and human civilization.The industrial importance of calcium is enormous. Calcium-based materials are essential to the production of cement, concrete, lime, steel, glass, ceramics, paper, plastics, chemicals, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, food products, and numerous other manufactured goods. Calcium carbonate is one of the world's most widely used industrial minerals, while lime and hydrated lime are indispensable in metallurgy, water treatment, environmental engineering, chemical processing, and construction. Gypsum-based materials support modern infrastructure, and calcium compounds contribute to agriculture through soil conditioning and nutrient management.Beyond its traditional applications, calcium is also gaining increasing importance in advanced technologies. Calcium-based biomaterials, hydroxyapatite, nanomaterials, advanced ceramics, calcium-ion batteries, thermal energy storage systems, and carbon capture technologies represent exciting areas of scientific and engineering research. Calcium looping and carbon mineralization, for example, demonstrate how the chemistry of calcium can contribute to reducing industrial carbon emissions and supporting global sustainability goals.The calcium industry is also undergoing a significant technological transformation. Conventional mining, mineral processing, calcination, and chemical manufacturing are increasingly being integrated with automation, advanced sensors, digital twins, artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, and data analytics. These technologies offer opportunities to improve process efficiency, product quality, equipment reliability, resource utilization, and environmental performance. The development of smart calcium processing plants represents an important step toward more intelligent and sustainable industrial systems.Sustainability is another central theme in the future development of calcium technologies. The production and processing of calcium-based materials, particularly energy-intensive operations such as lime and cement manufacturing, face growing pressure to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Future solutions will involve renewable-energy integration, process electrification, alternative fuels, waste-heat recovery, carbon capture, recycling, and circular-economy approaches. The recovery of calcium from construction waste, gypsum products, metallurgical slags, and industrial by-products can help reduce dependence on virgin resources and support more resource-efficient manufacturing.This book, Calcium: Science, Engineering, and Industrial Applications, presents a comprehensive exploration of calcium from its fundamental scientific principles to its diverse industrial and emerging technological applications. The book begins with the history, occurrence, atomic structure, physical properties, chemical behaviour, isotopes, and major compounds of calcium. It then examines calcium-bearing minerals, resource exploration, mining, mineral processing, and the production of metallic calcium and major industrial calcium compounds.", "item_img_path" : "https://covers3.booksamillion.com/covers/bam/9/79/819/195/9798191952390_b.jpg", "price_data" : { "retail_price" : "45.00", "online_price" : "45.00", "our_price" : "45.00", "club_price" : "45.00", "savings_pct" : "0", "savings_amt" : "0.00", "club_savings_pct" : "0", "club_savings_amt" : "0.00", "discount_pct" : "10", "store_price" : "" } }

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