{ "item_title" : "Current Methods for Life-Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transportation Fuels in the United States", "item_author" : [" National Academies of Sciences Engineeri", "Division on Engineering and Physical Sci", "Division on Earth and Life Studies "], "item_description" : "Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, with petroleum accounting for 90 percent of transportation fuels. Policymakers encounter a range of questions as they consider low-carbon fuel standards to reduce emissions, including total emissions released from production to use of a fuel or the potential consequences of a policy. Life-cycle assessment is an essential tool for addressing these questions. This report provides researchers and practitioners with a toolkit for applying life-cycle assessment to estimate greenhouse gas emissions, including identification of the best approach to use for a stated policy goal, how to reduce uncertainty and variability through verification and certification, and the core assumptions that can be applied to various fuel types. Policymakers should still use a tailored approach for each fuel type, given that petroleum-based ground, air, and marine transportation fuels necessitate different considerations than alternative fuels including biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity. Ultimately, life-cycle assessments should clearly document what assumptions and methods are used to ensure transparency.", "item_img_path" : "https://covers3.booksamillion.com/covers/bam/0/30/927/393/0309273935_b.jpg", "price_data" : { "retail_price" : "50.00", "online_price" : "50.00", "our_price" : "50.00", "club_price" : "50.00", "savings_pct" : "0", "savings_amt" : "0.00", "club_savings_pct" : "0", "club_savings_amt" : "0.00", "discount_pct" : "10", "store_price" : "" } }

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