{ "item_title" : "Geographic Information Science", "item_author" : [" Max J. Egenhofer", "Christian Freksa", "Harvey J. Miller "], "item_description" : "This section gives a description of notions used throughout this study. Current achievements in developing action-centered ontologies are also discussed. 2.1 Ontologies In the context of information extraction and retrieval, different kinds of ontologies can be distinguished15]: - Top-level ontologies describe very general concepts like space and time, not depending on a particular domain, - Domain ontologies and task ontologies describe the vocabulary related to a generic domain or kind of task, detailing the terms used in the top-level ontology, - Application ontologies describe the concepts that depend on the particular domain and task within a specific activity. Several investigations have been conducted to bring actions (tasks) to bear on - tologies. Among them are Chandrasekaran et al.6] and Mizoguchi et al.23] in the fields of AI and Knowledge Engineering. For the geospatial domain, Kuhn21] and Raubal and Kuhn26] have attempted to support human actions in ontologies for transportation. Acknowledging the importance of human actions in the geographic domain, a research workshop was held in 2002, bringing together experts from diff- ent disciplines to share the knowledge and work on this issue1]. Camara5], one of the workshop participants, has proposed that action-driven spatial ontologies are formed via category theory, for the case of emergency action plans.", "item_img_path" : "https://covers4.booksamillion.com/covers/bam/3/54/023/558/3540235582_b.jpg", "price_data" : { "retail_price" : "54.99", "online_price" : "54.99", "our_price" : "54.99", "club_price" : "54.99", "savings_pct" : "0", "savings_amt" : "0.00", "club_savings_pct" : "0", "club_savings_amt" : "0.00", "discount_pct" : "10", "store_price" : "" } }

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