{ "item_title" : "Introduction to Neuro-Fuzzy Systems", "item_author" : [" Robert Fuller "], "item_description" : "Fuzzy sets were introduced by Zadeh (1965) as a means of representing and manipulating data that was not precise, but rather fuzzy. Fuzzy logic pro- vides an inference morphology that enables approximate human reasoning capabilities to be applied to knowledge-based systems. The theory of fuzzy logic provides a mathematical strength to capture the uncertainties associ- ated with human cognitive processes, such as thinking and reasoning. The conventional approaches to knowledge representation lack the means for rep- resentating the meaning of fuzzy concepts. As a consequence, the approaches based on first order logic and classical probablity theory do not provide an appropriate conceptual framework for dealing with the representation of com- monsense knowledge, since such knowledge is by its nature both lexically imprecise and noncategorical. The developement of fuzzy logic was motivated in large measure by the need for a conceptual framework which can address the issue of uncertainty and lexical imprecision. Some of the essential characteristics of fuzzy logic relate to the following242]. - In fuzzy logic, exact reasoning is viewed as a limiting case of ap- proximate reasoning. - In fuzzy logic, everything is a matter of degree. - In fuzzy logic, knowledge is interpreted a collection of elastic or, equivalently, fuzzy constraint on a collection of variables. - Inference is viewed as a process of propagation of elastic con- straints. - Any logical system can be fuzzified. There are two main characteristics of fuzzy systems that give them better performance f r specific applications.", "item_img_path" : "https://covers2.booksamillion.com/covers/bam/3/79/081/256/3790812560_b.jpg", "price_data" : { "retail_price" : "54.99", "online_price" : "54.99", "our_price" : "54.99", "club_price" : "54.99", "savings_pct" : "0", "savings_amt" : "0.00", "club_savings_pct" : "0", "club_savings_amt" : "0.00", "discount_pct" : "10", "store_price" : "" } }

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