{ "item_title" : "A Theory of Judgment", "item_author" : [" Handi Lao Xu "], "item_description" : "Every judgment, long or short, is assembled from a single minimal unit: the short judgment - a claim about a specific object at a specific time and place, checkable against the senses and the record. Long judgments assemble short ones along four vectors - cause, intent, trend, and value - into explanations of how the world works. When judgment goes wrong, it rarely fails in its parts; it fails in the assembly. On the factual layer, samples pose as populations and parts pose as wholes. On the layer of meaning, meaning arrives first, conclusions pose as facts, and facts are admitted only as witnesses for a verdict already reached. When an explanation precedes the facts and forbids them to overturn it, judgment locks into a loop. A Theory of Judgment dissects this structure: how it arises in everyday reasoning, how it runs itself in ordinary argument, how it is systematically exploited in indoctrination - and how, in the age of artificial intelligence, it is amplified to industrial scale. When generation can be outsourced, verification and signature cannot. Written by a long-time mathematics teacher who brings a problem-solver's exactness to the anatomy of judgment itself: facts first, meaning second; check first, explain after. Companion in structure to the author's The Boundaries of Civilization (the record of phenomena) and Civilized Judgment and Independent Reading (the training of judgment), this volume supplies the theory the others presuppose.", "item_img_path" : "https://covers3.booksamillion.com/covers/bam/9/79/898/213/9798982130150_b.jpg", "price_data" : { "retail_price" : "19.80", "online_price" : "19.80", "our_price" : "19.80", "club_price" : "19.80", "savings_pct" : "0", "savings_amt" : "0.00", "club_savings_pct" : "0", "club_savings_amt" : "0.00", "discount_pct" : "10", "store_price" : "" } }

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